Senate Proceeding on Oct 21st, 2009 :: 7:44:50 to 8:17:54
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7:44:47 to 7:45:09( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the answer is no. i yield t mr. mccain: mr. president? the presiding officer: the senator from the senator from arizona is recognized. mr. mccain: thank you, mr. president.

7:44:50 to 8:17:54( Edit History Discussion )
Speech By: John McCain

7:45:10 to 7:45:33( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: mr. president, i'm joined by my friend and colleague and fellow warrior, senator feingold. he and i both have some remarks to make, and was chosen to go first and then senator feingold, i know, will also want to address what we think is a very

7:45:34 to 7:45:54( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: important issue. and this is the issue of the united states supreme court case citizens united v. federal election commission. on september 9, the u.s. supreme court heard oral arguments from both sides in the citizens united v. federal elections

7:45:55 to 7:46:15( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: commission. the implications of this case are very serious, and the supreme court's decision could result in the unraveling of over 100 years of congressional action and judicial precedent with respect to corporate spending in political campaigns. senator feingold and i were present in the supre court

7:46:16 to 7:46:37( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: chamber for the auments in this case. i commend both sides for presenting their case in a thoughtful, intelligent manner. however, there was one part of the argument that i found particularly disturbing. while responding to a question from justice alete owe, -- from justice alito, the solicitor

7:46:38 to 7:46:58( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: general was interrupted by justice alito who said "congress has a selfinterest. i mean, we -- we are suspicious of congressional act in the first amendment area precisely because we -- at least i am "-- and here's the interest part --" he said i doubt no one can expect a body of incumbents to

7:46:59 to 7:47:19( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: draw a set of election restrictions that do not favor incumbents. now is that excessively cynical of me? i don't think so." unquote. yes, mr. president, i think it's excessively cynical. i take great great exception to justice scalia's statement as should every member of both

7:47:20 to 7:47:42( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: houses of congress. it is an affront to the decent, honorable men and women who have served this nation in these halls for well over 200 years. not only was justice scalia's statement excessively cynical, it shows an unfortunate lack of understanding of the facts and the history of campaign reform. throughout our history, america

7:47:43 to 7:48:04( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: has faced periods of political corruption, and in every stance, congress has risen above its own selfinterests and enacted the necessary reforms to address the scandals and corruption that have plagued our democratic institutions over time and throwlt our -- throughout our history. the tillman act in 1907, the

7:48:05 to 7:48:26( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: publicity act in 1910, the federal corrupt practices act in 1925, the public utilities holding act in 1935, the hatch act in 1939, the smith-connally act in 1943, the taft-hartley act in 1947, the long act in 168, the federal election

7:48:27 to 7:48:47( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: campaign act in 1974, and the bipartisan campaign act of 2002 are just some of the reforms enacted by congress over the years to address corruption in our government and in our campaigns. simply put, history has proven justice scalia wrong in his assessment that congress will

7:48:48 to 7:49:10( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: not act in anything but a self-serving manner. justice scalia's statement was also remarkable in that it exposed his belief that when it comes to issues relating to campaign reform, he somehow is a better arbiter of what is needed to reform the electoral process than the congress or the american people. with all due respect, that is

7:49:11 to 7:49:32( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: not the job of the judicial branch. judges who stray beyond tir constitutional role to try and take congress' place as policymakers falsely believe the judges somehow have a greater insight into what legislation is necessary and proper and representatives who are duly ected by the people and accountable to them every

7:49:33 to 7:49:53( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: several years. activist judges, regardless of whether it is liberal or conservative activism, assume that the judiciary is a superlegislature of moral philosophers entitled to support congress' policy choices whenever they choose.

7:49:54 to 7:50:14( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: i believe this judicial activism is wrong and is contrary to the constitution. mr. president, our constitution is very clear in its delineation and disbursementf power. it solely tests the congress with creating law, not the courts. i have a long history of

7:50:15 to 7:50:35( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: opposing activist judges. judicial activism demonstrates a lack of respect for the popular will, and that is at fundamental odds with our republican system of government. i believe that a judge should seek to uphold all acts congress and state legislatures unless they clearly violate a

7:50:36 to 7:50:56( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: specific section of the constituti and refrain from interpreting the law in a manner which creates new law. that is a fundamentally conservative position i have held throughout my career. i wish justice scalia shared that position. let's be very clear, mr. president.

7:50:57 to 7:51:17( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: at stake in the citizen united case are the voices of millions and millions of americans that could be drowned out by large corporations if the decades-old restrictions on corporate electioneering are rescinded. overturning the supreme court precedent would open the floodgates to unlimited

7:51:18 to 7:51:38( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: corporate and union spending during elections and undermine election laws across the country. those able to spend tens of millions of dollars, fortune 500 company or a big labor union, are much more likely to be heard during an election than the average american voter is.

7:51:39 to 7:52:01( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: for this reason, i have always advocated laws that would prevent big-moneyed special interests from drowning out the voices of individual american citizens in elections and dominating the decision-making process of our government. contrary to some of my critics, i am a firm believer in the first amendment.

7:52:02 to 7:52:25( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: for more than 100 years, laws have stood to limit corporate donations to political candidates and campaigns. for more than 100 years. the concern about corporate involvement in campaigns is not new in america. on september 3, 1897, in a speech on govnment and

7:52:28 to 7:52:50( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: citizenship, ela root who would go on to become secretary of state and a nobel peace prize winner, said "the idea is to be prevent the great moneyed corporations of the country from furnishing the money with which to elect members of the legislature in order that those members of the legislature may vote to protect the corporations. it is to prevent the great railroad companies, the great

7:52:51 to 7:53:11( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: insurance companies, the great telephone companies, the great aggregations of wealth from using their corporate funds directly or indirectly to send members of the legislare to these halls in order to vote for their protection and the advancement of their interests as against those of the public.

7:53:12 to 7:53:32( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: "it strikes, mr. chairman, that a constantly growing evil in our political affairs which has, in my judgment, done more to shake the confidence of the plain people of small means in our political institutions than any other practe which was ever obtained since the foundation of our government. and i believe -- rember, this

7:53:33 to 7:53:55( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: was in 1897. he went on to say, "i believe the time has come when something ought to be done to put a check upon the giving of $50,000 or $100,000 by a great corporation toward political purposes, upon the understanding that a debt is created from a political party to it, a debt to

7:53:56 to 7:54:16( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: be recognized and repaid with the votes of representatives and the legislature in congress or by the action of administrative or executive officers who have been elected on a measure through the use of the money so contributed." additionally one can make the case that the concern about corporate influence extends as

7:54:17 to 7:54:38( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: far back as our founding fathers. in 1816, tho wrote -- "i hope we shall crush in its birth the aristocracy of our moneyed corporations which dare already to challenge our government in a trial of strength and bid defiance to the laws of our country."

7:54:39 to 7:55:01( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: kentucky was the first state t ban corporations from spending their funds in state elections in 1891. by 1897, florida, missouri, nebraska, and tennessee had all enacted similar corporate spending prohibitions in their state elections. while some states began enacting limits on the influence of money

7:55:02 to 7:55:22( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: on politics during the civil war era, congress did not begin to pass major campaign finance regulations until some decades later. by that time, political coributions by major corporate interests and business leaders dominated campaign fundraising, and this development sparked the first major movement for national reform.

7:55:23 to 7:55:44( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: progressive reformers such as president theodore roosevelt, and investigative journalists charged that these best interests were attempt to go gain special access and favors, thereby corrupting the democratic process. this reform movement, combined with allegations of financial

7:55:45 to 7:56:06( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: impropriety in the 1904 presidential election, resulted in the enactment of significant reforms. on october 1, 1904, joseph pulitzer published in the new york world questioning president roosevelt's ties to many of the large corporations that had donated to his campaign.

7:56:07 to 7:56:28( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: those questions led roosevelt's opponent, judge alton parker, to describe the donations as blackmail and insinuated that there was a quid pro quo involved. president roosevelt responded angrily, calling the accusations monstrous and said, quote -- "the assertion there has been any blackmail direct or indirect is a falsehood.

7:56:29 to 7:56:52( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the assertion there has been made any pledge or promise or that there has been any understanding as to future immunities or benefits or recognit wicked falsehood." president roosevelt, not wanting to give the appearance of improper influence, directed his staff to return $100,000 contribution from the standard oil corporation.

7:56:53 to 7:57:15( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: in his memo, he wrote, quote -- "we cannot under any circumstances afford to take a contribution which can be even improperly construed as putting us under an ." the allegations of impropriety also led roosevelt to call to an end to corporate donations for campaigns. in his fifth annual message to

7:57:16 to 7:57:38( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the congress on december 5, 1905, roosevelt said -- "the power of the govnment to protect e integrity of the elections of its own officials is inherent and has been recognized and affirmed by repeated declarations of the supreme court. there is no enemy of free government more dangerous and none so insidious as the

7:57:39 to 7:58:00( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: corruption of the electorate." he warned -- "if legislators are extorted by any kind of pressure or promise, express or implied, direct or indirect, in the way of favor or immunity, then the giving or receiving becomes not only improper but criminal. all contributions by

7:58:01 to 7:58:24( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: corporations to any political or for any political purpose should be forbidden by law, directors should not be permited to use stockholders' money foruch purposes, and moreover, a prohibition of this kind would be as far as it went an effective method of stopping the evils aimed at in the corrupt practices act. not only should both the

7:58:25 to 7:58:46( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: national and the several state legislators forbid any officer of a corporation from using the money of the corporation in or about should also forbid such use of money in connection legislation. and again, the following year, in his sixth annual congress in december, 1906,

7:58:47 to 7:59:08( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: president roosevelt tried to limit corporate influence, stating "i again recommend a law prohibiting all corporations from contributing to the campaign expenses of any party. such a bill has already passed one house of congress. let individuals contribute as they desire."

7:59:09 to 7:59:29( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: i repeat what he said -- "let individuals contribute as they desire, but let us prohibit in effective fashion all corporations from making contributions for any political purpose, directly or indirectly." in january, 1907, theodore roosevelt signed into law the tillman act.

7:59:30 to 7:59:52( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: this law prohibited nationally chartered banks and corporations from contributing to campaigns. in the report to accompany the senate version of the legislation, dated april 27, 1906, the senate committee on privileges and elections wrote, and i quote -- "the evils of the use of money in connection with

7:59:53 to 8:00:13( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: political elections are so generally recognized that the committee deems it unnecessary to make any argument in favor of the general purpose of this measure. it is in the interest of good government and calculated to promote purity in the selection

8:00:14 to 8:00:34( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: of public officials." following passage of the tillman act roosevelt addressed the issue in his address to congress in december 1907. he said, "under our form of government, voting is n merely a right but a duty. moreover, a fundamental and necessary duty if a man is to be a good citizen.

8:00:35 to 8:00:56( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: it is ll to provide the corporations shall not contribute to presidential or national campaigns. and furthermore, to provide for the publication of both contributions and expenditures. although the tillman act constituted a landmark in federal law, according to campaign finance expert anthony

8:00:57 to 8:01:20( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: corrado -- quote -- "its adoption did not quell the cries for reform. eliminating corporate influence was only one of the ideas being advanced at this time to can up political finance. in the years following the passage of the tillman act, reducing the influence of wealthy individuals and labor unions became a concern and reformers pushed for further

8:01:21 to 8:01:43( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: limits on donations. consequently, in 1947, congress enacted the taft-hartly act which banned corporate and labor union expenditures in federal campaigns. in doing so, senator robert taft made clear that the purpose of the new language was simply to affirm what had been understood

8:01:44 to 8:02:08( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: as always to be the case, that the 1907 corporate ban that prohibited corporate expenditures or indirect contributions as well as direct corporate contributions. ban on corporate expenditures in campaigns has been consistently upheld by the supreme court as constitutional and as -- quote

8:02:09 to 8:02:31( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: -- "firmly embedded in our law." the constutionality of the ban on corporate campaign expenditures was upheld by the supreme court in the austin v. michigan chamber of commerce decision in 1990, reaffirmed by the court in the mcconnell v. federal election commission decision in 2003 and the corporate expenditure ban had been commented on favorably by

8:02:32 to 8:02:52( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the court in earlier cases. in 10 in the austin case, the supreme court acknowledged the importance of maintaining the integrity of the political process. from the court's opinion, they said -- quote -- "michigan identified as a serious danger the significant possibility that corporate political expenditures

8:02:53 to 8:03:13( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: will undermine the integrity of the political process. and it has implemented a narrowly tailored solution to that problem by requiring corporations to make all independent political expenditures through a separate fund made up of money solicited expressly for political purposes.

8:03:14 to 8:03:34( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the michigan mccain finance act reduces the threat that huge corporate treasuries amassed with tpaeufrl state laws will be used to influence unfairly the outcome of elections. the mcconnell case, the supreme court recognized its long-standing support for the

8:03:35 to 8:03:55( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: constutionality of bans on corporate campaign expenditures going back to its buckley decision in 1976 from the court's decision. since our decision in buckley, congress's power to prohibit corporations and unions from using funds in their treasuries

8:03:56 to 8:04:18( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: to finance advertisements expressly advocating the election or defeat of candidates in federal elections has been firmly embedded in our law." additionally, in 1982 the national right to work committee case, the supreme court in an opinion anchored by chief

8:04:19 to 8:04:40( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: justice william rehnquist stated regarding the federal ban on labor and corporate union expenditures -- and i quote -- "the federal legislative adjustment of the federal election laws and of advance step by step to account for the particular legal and economic attributes of corporations and labor organizations warrant

8:04:41 to 8:05:02( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: considerable deference. it also reflects a permissible assessment of the dangers posted by -- posed by these entities to the electoral it went on to say, "in order to prevent both actual and apparent corruption congress aimed a part of its regulatory scheme at corporations.

8:05:03 to 8:05:23( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the statute reflects a legislative judgment that the special characteristics of the corporate structure require particularly careful regulation. nor will we second-guess a legislative determination as to the need for prophylactic measures where corruption is the evil feared.

8:05:24 to 8:05:45( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: as we said in california m. association v.f.e.c., the different structures and purposes of different entities may require different forms of regulation in order to protect the integrity of the electoral process. the governmental interest in preventing both actual corruption and the appearance of corruption of elected

8:05:46 to 8:06:06( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: representatives has long been recognized. first national bank of boston v. bilatti supra, and there is no reason why it may not be in this case be accomplished by treating unions, corporations and similar organizations different from individuals. in 1986, in the massachusetts

8:06:07 to 8:06:27( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: citizens for life case, the supreme court stated regarding the federal ban on corporate expenditures in campaigns, this concern over the corrosive influence of concentrated corporate wealth reflects the conviction that it is important to protect the integrity of the marketplace of political ideas.

8:06:28 to 8:06:50( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: direct corporate spending on political activity raises the prospect that resources amassed in the economic marketplace may be used to provide an unfair advantage in the political marketplace. the a business corporation are not an indication of popular support for the corporation's political ideas.

8:06:51 to 8:07:11( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: they reflect instead the economically motivated decisions of investors and customers. the availability of these resources may make a corporation a formidable political presence, even though the power of the corporation may be no reflection of the power of its ideas. by requiring that corporate

8:07:12 to 8:07:32( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: independent expenditures be financed through a political committee expressly established to engage in campaign spending, section 441-b seeks to prevent this threat to the political marketplace. fund as opposed to the corporate treasury in fact reflect popular

8:07:33 to 8:07:54( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: support for the political positions of the committee. if anyone has doubts about the influence of big moneyed speal interests on policy-makers in this town, let me recall a personal observation. during the committee's consideration of the

8:07:55 to 8:08:15( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: 1996 telecommunications act, every company affected by the legiation had purchased a seat at the table consequently, the bill attempted to protect them all, a goal that is obviously incompatible with competition.

8:08:16 to 8:08:36( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: consumers who only give us their votes had no seat at the table, and the lower prices that competition produces never materialized. cable rates went up, phone rates went up, and huge broadcasting giants received billions of dollars in digital spectrum

8:08:37 to 8:08:57( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: property, and that was property that belonged to the american people, and they got it for free. they got it for free, billions of dollars worth of spectrum. information gathered from various sources in the press at the time indicated that the special interest groups involved

8:08:58 to 8:09:18( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: spent nearly $150 million to lobby congress on telecommunications refor and they all came out on top at the expense of the american consumer. similarly, mr. president, the pharmaceutical industry has spent millions of dollars to sway lawmakers against the ide

8:09:19 to 8:09:39( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: of drug importation. in the 2008 election cycle, pharmaceutical companies gave almost $30 million in campaign contributions to members of congress. just this year, according to an articleublished in the june 3 edition of "the hill," the prescription drug industry has given more than $1 million to

8:09:40 to 8:10:00( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: both republicans and democrats. and these contributions were from the limited funds of corporate pacs, the flood of money that could be spent out of corporate treasuries if the supreme court changes the law by judicial fiat. mr. president, as my colleagues know, for many years my

8:10:01 to 8:10:22( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: colleague and friend from wisconsin, senator feingold and i fought to ban soft money, the large, unregulated donations from corporations, labor unions and wealthy individuals from federal elections. as the sponsors of the bipartisan campaign finance reform act, we submitted together with our colleagues from the house, representatives

8:10:23 to 8:10:43( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: shays and meehan, a brief for the court. in this brief, we stated more fundamentally austin and mcconnell were correctly decided. unlimited expenditures supporting our opposing candidates may create at least the caper v.18 massy coal company illustrates.

8:10:44 to 8:11:05( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: the tremendous resources business corporations and unions can bring to bear on elections and the greater magnitude of the resulting apparent corruption amplify, justify treating corporate and union expenditures differently -- differently -- from those by individuals and

8:11:06 to 8:11:26( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: ideological nonprofit groups. so too does the counter veiling free speech interests of the manyhareholders who may not wish to support corporate hearings but have no effect of controlling what corporations do with what is ultimately the shareholder's money. austin was rightly concerned with the corruption of the

8:11:27 to 8:11:49( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: system that will result if campaign discourse becomes dominated not by individual citizens, whose right it is to select their political representatives, but by corporate and union war chest amassed as a result of the special benefits the government confers on these artificial persons.

8:11:50 to 8:12:12( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: that concern remains a compelling justification for restrictions on using corporate treasury funds for electoral advocacy and strains the ban no speech but only require that it be funded by individuals who have chosen to do so. the holngs of austin and mcconnell that it is constitutional to require

8:12:13 to 8:12:34( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: business corporations to use segregated funds contributed shareholders, officers and employees for expressed candidate afrbd coca is i or funk -- afrbd cois i remains -- advocacy remains sound today. the issue of protecting

8:12:35 to 8:12:56( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: shareholders provides compelling justification for such requirements which neither unduly burden nor overbroadly inhit protected speech. the corporate pac option moreover is ideally suited to balancing the first amendment interests of corporatentities and their shareholders. it allows the corporation to

8:12:57 to 8:13:18( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: direct political spending only to the extent that shareholders have personally decided to contribute for that specific purpose. it thus ensures that the corporation may have a voice but one that is not subsidized unwillingly by those who may disagree with its electoral message.

8:13:19 to 8:13:39( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: and there is no basis in the record for concluding that pacs are inadequate or unduly burdensome for business corporations. whatever may be true of certain ideological nonofit corporations. indeed, pac requirements pale in comparison with the detailed

8:13:40 to 8:14:00( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: record keeping and accounting otherwise required of corporations and unions. the ability of corporate campaign expenditures to buy influence with federal officeholds and to create the appearance of such influence buying is sadly evident in nearly every aspect of the legislative process. this fact was recognized in the

8:14:01 to 8:14:21( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: mcconnell case. the brief filed in the mcconnell case by me and my colleagues stated not surprisingly that mcconnell reco provided strong corroboration that corporate and union expenditures on ads that were the functional equivalent

8:14:22 to 8:14:42( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: of expressed afrbd coca is i -- advocacy created the experience of corruption. based on that record, judge kotelly found that such expenditures permit corporations and labor unions to inject immense aggregations of wealth into the process. she went on to say, and radically distort the elect

8:14:43 to 8:15:03( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: toerpl landscape. she -- ectoral landscape. she further found candidates are acutely aware of and appreciate such expenditures and feel indebted to those who spend money to help them get elected. she concluded that the record demonstrate that candidates and parties appreciate and encourage corporations and labor unions to

8:15:04 to 8:15:25( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: deploy the large aggregations of wealth into the political process and that the record presents an appearance of corruption stemming from the dependence of officeholders and parties on advertisements run by these outside groups. according to the solicitor general's breervetion the record in the mcconnell case showed

8:15:26 to 8:15:46( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: that federal officeholders and candidate were aware of and felt indebted to cporations and unions that financed electioneering advertisements on their behalf or against their opponents. the brief further stated, "the record compiled in the mcconnell case indicated that corporate spending on candidate-related speech, even

8:15:47 to 8:16:07( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: if conducted independent of candidates, had come to be used as a means of currying favor with and attempting to influence federal officeholders." it is important for us to remember that this case does not affect solely the integrity of federal elections. the states also have a great

8:16:08 to 8:16:28( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: deal at stake in this case. in a brief filed in the citizens united case, 26 state attorneys generals wrote that the courts have repeatedly upheld these state and federal corporate electioneering restrictions from their inception. in their brief, the attorneys general wrote, "this ce does not concern the traditional

8:16:29 to 8:16:51( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: regulation of corporate spending by state laws. instead, it presents the application of a recent federal statute to a novel form of political campaigning with a medium of video on demand apartment and the message after 90-minute film. these and other political campaign innovations present an

8:16:52 to 8:17:12( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: occasion to draw on state law experiments, not end the court cannot reach the validity of these laws under you astin without departing from its approach to constitutional avoidance and applied review of campgn finance statutes and ignoring its cautions against

8:17:13 to 8:17:33( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: challenges in election law generally. austin follows a century of campaign finance law at the state and federal level honed by six decades of this courted's holdings. those decisions and the state and federal laws that gave rise tond rely on them delineate a workable segregated requirement for corporate

8:17:34 to 8:17:55( Edit History Discussion )

John McCain: electioneering that is embedded in campaign laws and practice at the federal and state level. while imposing minimal burdens on corporations, the segregated fund protects the integrity of the political process from the rrupting influence of corporate executives funding political campaigns that have no